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How States Can Limit Immigration Detention Through Contract Bans

Overview

This paper outlines how states can reduce immigration detention by prohibiting local governments and agencies from entering into contracts with federal authorities for detention services.

Key Points

  • States can restrict participation in detention by banning local contracts with federal agencies
  • Immigration detention heavily relies on agreements with state and local entities
  • Reducing these contracts can limit detention capacity nationwide
  • Policies can be designed to comply with federal law while limiting state involvement

Why This Matters

State-level policy decisions can play a significant role in shaping how immigration enforcement operates on the ground, even when federal authority remains in place.

Examples / Context

  • States like California and New Jersey have passed laws limiting or banning certain detention contracts
  • These policies aim to reduce reliance on local facilities for federal detention operations

Full SSRN paper

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Minneapolis, MN

Enforcement Limits + Legal Action

What Happened

Following increased enforcement activity, Minneapolis took both operational and legal steps to restrict federal activity and support residents.

What They Did

  • Issued an executive order prohibiting use of city-owned parking and public spaces for enforcement
  • Required signage reinforcing restrictions
  • Allocated funding for immigrant legal services
  • Joined legal action challenging federal enforcement practices

Key Takeaway

Pair on-the-ground restrictions with legal and financial support systems.

Minneapolis leaders released a preliminary impact assessment showing how Operation Metro Surge caused an estimated $203.1 million impact in one month alone.
 
Click below to earn about the impact of current federal actions and how the City is responding.
Federal Actions and Minneapolis Response
A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Boston, MA

Legal Strategy + Operational Restrictions

What Happened

Boston responded with strong executive action focused on restricting enforcement operations and increasing oversight.

What They Did

  • Issued an executive order blocking use of city property for enforcement staging
  • Directed regular FOIA requests to track federal enforcement activity
  • Required production of evidence (e.g., body cam footage) in certain cases
  • Coordinated messaging with regional leaders

Key Takeaway

Use legal tools + transparency + oversight to push back and maintain accountability.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Portland, OR

Policy Clarity + System Design

What Happened

Portland focused on building clear structural systems to manage and limit federal enforcement interactions within city operations.

What They Did

  • Passed a resolution establishing the Protect Portland Initiative
  • Required identification and labeling of non-public areas in city buildings
  • Developed policies guiding how staff interact with federal agents
  • Invested in a centralized, multilingual public information hub
  • Coordinated with state leadership on legal action

Key Takeaway

Clarity and consistency matter — define spaces, define rules, and build systems staff can follow.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Santa Ana, CA

Direct Financial + Legal Support

What Happened

Santa Ana focused on immediate support for residents impacted by enforcement activity.

What They Did

  • Created an emergency financial assistance program for affected households
  • Provided support for:
    • Rent
    • Utilities
  • Allocated funding for immigration legal services
  • Partnered with legal organizations for service delivery

Key Takeaway

Direct financial and legal support helps stabilize communities during periods of enforcement activity.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

New Orleans, LA

Oversight + Federal Accountability

What Happened

New Orleans leaders responded by demanding transparency and accountability from federal agencies.

What They Did

  • Sent formal requests to federal agencies for:
    • Arrest data
    • Due process protections
    • Officer identification requirements
  • Launched a public reporting portal for rights violations
  • Pushed for oversight and documentation of enforcement practices

Key Takeaway

Local governments can use oversight, data requests, and documentation to hold federal agencies accountable.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

San Diego County, CA

Facility Access Control + Policy Clarity

What Happened

San Diego County focused on clarifying rules around access to government facilities.

What They Did

  • Advanced policy to restrict entry into non-public areas without a judicial warrant
  • Planned multilingual signage to reinforce access rules
  • Developed formal ordinance language to clarify enforcement boundaries

Key Takeaway

Clear definitions of public vs. non-public space are critical for enforcement control.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

San Francisco, CA

Centralized Public Resource Hub

What Happened

San Francisco focused on making services and information easily accessible through a centralized platform.

What They Did

  • Launched the SF Immigrant Forum, a centralized public resource hub
  • Connected residents to:
    • Legal services
    • Financial assistance
    • Healthcare
  • Coordinated across multiple city departments
  • Integrated access to a community-run rapid response hotline

Key Takeaway

Centralized, multilingual platforms make support accessible, scalable, and coordinated.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Seattle, WA

Coordinated Government Response

What Happened

Seattle prepared for potential federal deployment and increased enforcement activity by focusing on internal coordination and operational readiness.

What They Did

  • Established a citywide Resilience Task Force to coordinate response
  • Required training for all city employees on enforcement protocols
  • Reinforced local police independence from federal authorities
  • Implemented daily reporting systems on federal activity

Key Takeaway

Strong responses require internal coordination + clear reporting + staff readiness.

A US city
Case Study
IRIS

Chicago, IL

Citywide Protection + Public Awareness

What Happened

Chicago anticipated increased federal immigration enforcement activity and moved to proactively protect residents through both policy and public education.

What They Did

  • Issued an executive order establishing an “ICE Free Zone”, prohibiting use of city property for enforcement
  • Launched a Know Your Rights (KYR) public campaign across transit systems
  • Distributed signage and guidance limiting access to non-public areas
  • Reinforced local police independence and operational clarity

Key Takeaway

Combine policy + public education + visibility. Chicago didn’t just pass rules — they made sure residents knew them.

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PUBLISHED BY THE DAY Oct 29, 2025

AG Tong, talking immigration in New London: 'They will make it if we fight for them'

 
tong-speaking-on-immigration

Attorney General William Tong speaks at All Souls Unitarian Universalist Congregation in New London on Wednesday, Oct. 29. The event by Integrated Refugee & Immigrant Services focused on the impact of President Donald Trump’s immigration crackdown. (Alison Cross/The Day)

By Alison Cross
Day Staff Writer
 
New London — State Attorney General William Tong visited the city Monday evening to share a message of hope and resistance amid President Donald Trump’s immigration crackdown.
The event at All Souls Unitarian Universalist Congregation was organized by Integrated Refugee & Immigrant Services, the New Haven-based nonprofit known as IRIS.
Since 1982, IRIS has welcomed and resettled thousands of refugees and immigrants within the state, but Maggie Mitchell Salem, the organization’s executive director, said new federal policies have upended longstanding pathways to legal immigration.
As a result of these changes, Mitchell Salem said IRIS will not participate in the U.S. government-supported refugee admissions program for the first time in the nonprofit’s history, starting on Jan. 1. Mitchell Salem said IRIS will continue to resettle refugees from Afghanistan and other countries without federal funding.
During his speech, Tong described the Trump administration’s policies and actions over the last nine months as “awful, brutal, (and) painful.” Tong spoke about lawsuits he has filed against the federal government to block the Trump administration from ending birthright citizenship and coercing states into following the administration’s immigration agenda.
Tong said people often put refugees and immigrants into separate categories but “very often they’re one and the same.”
“My grandparents and my dad ran for their lives (from China),” Tong said. “I’m a kid that comes from refugees and immigrants. I grew up in a Chinese restaurant. … If you go to a takeout joint around here and you see a high schooler ring up your Tuesday night takeout, that was me.”
“In one generation, I went from that hot Chinese restaurant kitchen in the state of Connecticut in Wethersfield, to being the 25th attorney general of the state,” Tong continued. “I don’t tell you that story because it’s a good story, I tell you that story because it is an unremarkable story. It is a story shared by so many people. And there are kids right now, our kids in this city, the sons and daughters and grandchildren of refugees and immigrants who are just like us … and I know they will make it if we fight for them right now.”
Maryam Elahi, the president and chief executive officer of the Community Foundation of Eastern Connecticut, said that right now, children are not getting an education because “so many parents are terrified to take their kids to school (and) pick them up.”
“This is not acceptable,” Elahi said.
Elahi encouraged people to reframe the way they speak about immigrants.
“Unless you’re a Native American, you’re an immigrant in this country,” she said. “Some of us came earlier on boats. Some of us came later by foot or plane or both, but the end result is the same. It’s really important for all of us to change the narrative, to talk about immigrants as all of us, to talk about immigrants as people who bring so much richness to our community and to put our arms around them.”
Jeanne Milstein, the human services director for the city, said that New London’s history is rooted in immigrant communities who have made the city stronger.
“It is our diversity which is our strength. New London is a seaport town. It has always been a rich mix of people. It is a community where everyone is welcome,” Milstein said. “The feds may be trying to kill the American dream, but here in New London, it is alive and well.”

PUBLISHED BY THE HARTFORD COURANT

After four decades, CT organization won’t resettle refugees this year. Here’s why

For the first time in more than four decades Integrated Refugee & Immigrant Services made the decision to not resettle refugees through the United States Refugee Admissions program, due to the Trump administration’s intent to shift the program’s focus.
“We will not resettle populations that aren’t refugees,” said Maggie Mitchell Salem, director of IRIS. “That is basically the point. This is not about Afrikaners or right wing groups in Europe. This is not about ideology or politics. This is about our mission. Our mission is to resettle the world’s most vulnerable people who have been screened for the credible fear they possess which keeps them from going home.”
Mitchell Salem added: “We are not a relocation service. We work with and for a very specific population and as part of the humanitarian pathway within this immigration system.”
The New York Times reported Wednesday that the Trump administration “is considering a radical overhaul of the U.S. refugee system that would slash the program to its bare bones while giving preference to English speakers, white South Africans and Europeans who oppose migration.” 
The Trump administration has said that white South African farmers face discrimination and violence at home, which the country’s government strongly denies.
The IRIS board made the decision last month to change course after learning about the Trump’s administration’s plans to change the refugee program, including limiting the number of refugees to 30,000 to 40,000, Mitchell Salem said.
“That only reinforced that decision,” Mitchell said. “We have never had to question the U.S. government’s decision. This is not about who is in charge of our government. We have supported refugee resettlement in Republican administrations, and Democratic administrations without fail. We had to do some critical thinking about whether based on what we understood to be the administration’s policy on the U.S. refugee program, whether there was an alignment between our mission and how they were implementing the program.”
The Church World Service, which IRIS is an affiliate of, and contracts with the State Department to help refugees “expressed its dismay and deep concern in response to the Trump administration’s plans to reduce the refugee admissions’ goal “to the lowest level in history,” according to a press release from the agency.
New numbers reported from the Associated Press suggest the Trump administration is considering admitting far fewer refugees than IRIS had initially learned, with just 7,500 admitted.
Dana Bucin, an immigration attorney and partner with Harris Beach Murtha in Hartford, said the administration’s ban against refugees at the beginning of 2025 is not advisable.
“The entire policy that is against refugees in particular is harmful at a time when the world is seeing a record number of refugees due to wars, civil wars, famine, climate change and a bunch of other factors,” she said. “We have never had so many refugees as we do now and so few tools to deal with them and so definitely in general an anti-refugee policy is not conducive to humanitarian endeavors.”
Bucin said she does not believe that all Afrikaners qualify as a group for refugee status.
“But as attorneys we are open to hearing of any individualized case of persecution for Afrikaners, much like anyone else,” she said.
Since the Trump administration suspended the refugee program in January, IRIS relocated its New Haven office and had to shut its Hartford office.
In fiscal year 2024, IRIS served more than 2,000 people and resettled 900 refugees.
In fiscal year 2025 they were planning to resettle 800 refugees but have only been able to settle 241 refugees as many were denied entry or delayed.
As a result of the suspension of the refugee program, IRIS lost about $4 million in funding and had to lay off employees.
In the United States, some 128,000 refugees have currently been approved for resettlement in the United States and are now stuck in limbo, said Mark Hetfield, president of HIAS, the Jewish refugee resettlement agency. In addition, 14,000 Jews, Christians and other religious minorities in Iran have long been registered with the refugee program.
New vision
IRIS is not suspending its activities though. The organization is realigning its focus to help refugees and immigrants with assistance securing housing, food, addressing health issues and advocating for more English Language Learning programs to help them succeed in the workforce, Mitchell Salem said.
Mitchell Salem said she is concerned about provisions in Trump’s Big Beautiful Bill particularly eliminating SNAP for refugees. She said IRIS needs more support to provide basic proteins for refugees in its food pantry.
Targeting ELL programs aligned to workforce development programs is critical, she said, so “people are getting the right vocational training and entering these programs successfully and entering higher paying jobs in the healthcare, hospitality and manufacturing sector. This is a win for the state. The state has to become more competitive.”
Mitchell Salem said IRIS will focus on deepening partnerships with the Chambers of Commerce and workforce boards and adult literacy organizations that exist in every town and city in the state.
In addition to those being barred from entering the country, Mitchell Salem said immigrants who are here are being terrorized. Calling it inhumane, Mitchell Salem said rounding up of people in the community at their place of employment is having an impact on everyone.
“It is going to impact the price of food and whether your grandmother is being taken care of in an assisted living community,” she said. “It is impacting employers. It is impacting tax bases. You don’t remove this significant number of people from our community and have no impact.”
With ICE arrests continuing in Connecticut and immigrant advocates calling for state officials to act, lawmakers are in discussions about increasing legal protections during an upcoming special session.
ICE agents stormed a Hamden car wash Wednesday and detained and took away eight people including a husband and wife and a customer, according to information from state Sen. Jorge Cabrera’s office.
“Since we passed the TRUST Act a decade ago, Connecticut has always carved out exceptions for dangerous felons,” Cabrera said in a statement. ”Democrats don’t have a problem with that. Neither does the governor. What we do have a problem with is Donald Trump and ICE telling us that they are arresting the scum of the Earth – murderers and gang members and pedophiles. And then who do they arrest? Landscapers. Dishwashers. High school kids. People working at car washes.”
The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Originally Published: 

October 17, 2025 at 5:37 AM ED